Campaña de la Memoria Académica Anual del IITCurso 2023 - 2024 - Versión en Inglés
A continuación se muestra la información disponible de Dr.D.Luis Olmos Camacho en el peridodo de tiempo desde el 1 de septiembre de 2023 hasta el 31 de agosto de 2024. Esta información se va a emplear para elaborar la Memoria Académica Anual del IIT, la Memoria de Investigación de Comillas y tu Curriculum Vitae, por lo que es muy importante que sea correcta y esté completa. Todos los campos que se muestran en cada referencia deben tener información, a menos que se indique lo contrario (p.ej. "No aplica"). Por favor, complétala. Comprueba también que la información se muestra en el apartado correcto. Si detectas cualquier error o falta de información, por favor, envía un email pinchando aquí indicando el apartado y la información errónea o faltante. Para enviar comentarios/sugerencias/errores... sobre esta página web, por favor haz clic aquí. Para ver la Versión en Español, haz clic aquí. Para ver la Versión Completa de la memoria, haz clic aquí.
[Expandir todo | Contraer todo] Chapter 1. Organizational structure [ |  ]- 1.1 Management
- 1.2 Council
- 1.3 Area coordinators
| * | Información pendiente de formato. | | | | |
- 1.4 Scientific advisory board
- 1.5 Academic staff
| * | Name: | Luis Olmos Camacho | | | Category: | Senior Research Associate Professor | | | Degree: | Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering (Comillas)
Electrical Engineer (Comillas) | | | Areas of Interest: | Regulation of the energy sector. Transmission of electricity. Power economics. System identification. | | | ICAI Department: | * Not applicable * | | | | |
- 1.6 Associated academic staff
- 1.7 Pre- and postdoctoral fellows
- 1.8 Areas of Research
- 1.8.1 MAC Coordinator
- 1.8.2 REDES Coordinator
- 1.8.3 RYE Coordinator
| * | Name: | Luis Olmos Camacho | | | | |
- 1.8.4 SADSE Coordinator
- 1.8.5 PCI Coordinator
- 1.8.6 ASF Coordinator
- 1.8.7 ASI Coordinator
- 1.8.8 BIO Coordinator
- 1.8.9 SMS Coordinator
- 1.9 Services staff
- 1.9.1 Systems Administrator Staff
- 1.9.2 Administrative Staff
Chapter 2. Research [ | ]- 2.1 Research Projects
- 2.1.1 Research and develop projects
- 2.1.1.1 Private funding
| * | Abbreviated name: | MUESSLI | | | Project title: | Multi Energy System Smart Linking Integration | | | Funding entity: | Collaborative Research for Energy SYstem Modelling (CRESYM) | | | Start date: | October 2023 | | | End date: | September 2027 | | | Researcher(s): | Luis Olmos Camacho, Andrés Ramos Galán, Sara Lumbreras Sancho | | | Description: | A multinational consortium of world-class companies and universities in the energy sector will develop and model advanced strategies for coordinating the planning of the expansion and operation of different activities within the electricity, gas, and hydrogen sectors. This work takes place in coordination with a team of researchers from the universities of the consortium and in contact with leading professionals from the companies in it to propose solutions of relevance to these companies. | | | | |
- 2.1.1.2 Public funding
| * | Abbreviated name: | OneNet | | | Project title: | OneNet- One network for Europe (Horizon 2020. Grant agreement No. 957739) | | | Funding entity: | European Commission | | | Start date: | October 2020 | | | End date: | March 2024 | | | Researcher(s): | José Pablo Chaves Ávila, Tomás Gómez San Román, Rafael Cossent Arín, Luis Olmos Camacho, Javier Matanza Domingo, Gregorio López López, Leandro Lind, Orlando Mauricio Valarezo Rivera, Matteo Troncia, Jesús José Fernández García, Miguel Ángel Ruiz Hernández, Shilpa Bindu, David Ulrich Ziegler | | | Description: | OneNet addresses the growing needs of TSOs and DSOs to have real-time insight into the operation of
their networks to work in a closely coordinated way, while unlocking and enabling new flexibility markets in a fair and open way. Goal is to enable a cost-effective, seamless and secure bidirectional power flow to and from network customers as active players while supporting grid operators in their system responsibilities.
The challenges that OneNet addresses are:
• The need to unlock markets of flexibility at every level to address all the possible needs of network operators
• The need to effectively support both TSOs and DSOs system-level operation through providing flexibility for ‘frequency balancing’ and ‘non-frequency’ ancillary services among others
• The need for TSOs and DSOs to secure power supplies in the context of ever-increasing RES penetration, decreasing network outages,
• The need for TSOs and DSOs to gain near real-time insight into the operation of the networks and to can optimise them in near real-time, and
• The need for improved efficiency of grid reinforcements and stabilization of future costs of grid connection.
Comillas is leader of WP10– From OneNet demonstrators to EU wide implementation of coordinated
market schemes and interoperable platforms for standardized system products.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 957739 
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| | | | | | * | Abbreviated name: | ECEMF | | | Project title: | ECEMF. European Climate and Energy Modelling Forum (Horizon 2020. Grant agreement No. 101022622) | | | Funding entity: | European Commission | | | Start date: | May 2021 | | | End date: | December 2024 | | | Researcher(s): | Sara Lumbreras Sancho, Andrés Ramos Galán, Luis Olmos Camacho, Carlos Mateo Domingo, Dilayne Santos Oliveira, Miguel Martínez Velázquez, María del Socorro Gómez Pérez | | | Description: | The aim of ECEMF is to provide the knowledge to inform the development of future energy and climate policies at national and European levels. In support of this aim, ECEMF proposes a range of activities to achieve five objectives and meet the four challenges set out in the call text.
ECEMF’s programme of events and novel IT-based communications channel will enable researchers to identify and co-develop the most pressing policy-relevant research questions with a range of stakeholders to meet ambitious European energy and climate policy goals, in particular the European Green Deal and the transformation to a climate neutral society.
Answers will be provided by the first inclusive and open full-scale model comparison exercise on achieving climate neutrality in Europe, including from the outset over 20 models and 15 top research groups, to produce a coherent and relevant evidence-base for energy and climate policy impact assessment.
ECEMF’s evidence-base will support the development of policy-relevant insights which will be communicated to and discussed with the key decision makers via a range of novel methods, including interactive embeddable visualisation blocks, policy briefs, workshops and high-profile events.
This loop of knowledge co-production stands on two pillars.
First, ECEMF will advance the state-of-the-art of energy and climate modelling by enabling sharing of: input data using open standards, methods for model comparison building on the vast experience of the consortium, scientific software tools such as the IIASA scenario explorer and hands-on training for researchers.
Second, ECEMF will be established as a long-term, open and welcoming European focal-point for researchers and policy makers with unparalleled international connections to the EMF, JMIP, IAMC and IPCC. Through extensive links to ongoing H2020 projects, research and policy communities & networks ECEMF will reduce fragmentation of the European energy and climate research landscape.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101022622
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| | | | | | * | Abbreviated name: | DIAMOND-ESR | | | Project title: | DIAMOND. Delivering the next generation of IAMs for net-zero, sustainable, development (Horizon Europe. Grant agreement No. 101081179) | | | Funding entity: | European Commission | | | Start date: | December 2022 | | | End date: | November 2026 | | | Researcher(s): | Sara Lumbreras Sancho, Luis Olmos Camacho, Andrés Ramos Galán, María del Socorro Gómez Pérez | | | Description: | Further development of IAMs and their interface with sectorial models. Development by Comillas of an interface between the power system expansion planning model openTEPES and several IAMs.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101081179
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| | | | | | * | Abbreviated name: | HESIME | | | Project title: | Day-ahead market price simulation tool [HESIME] (CPP2022-009809) | | | Funding entity: | Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) /10.13039/501100011033, y por la Unión Europea NextGenerationEU/ PRTR | | | Start date: | April 2023 | | | End date: | March 2026 | | | Researcher(s): | Luis Olmos Camacho, Andrés Ramos Galán, Stefanía Gómez Sánchez, Pedro Sánchez Martín | | | Description: | The objective of the HESIME project is the research, definition, design and development of a disruptive system for simulating the behaviour of the daily market in Spain for future years (horizons 2030 and 2050) considering different scenarios of system evolution based on the use of artificial intelligence techniques, mathematical programming and the application of advanced algorithms based on the above. HESIME will make it possible to anticipate the behaviour of the market, given its current design, depending on the energy policies that are planned to be applied, with a reliability never before achieved. This tool will make it possible to calculate the price signals produced by the market, which are critical for investment planning and their impact on consumers, as well as the operating regimes of each existing technology or new technology entering the electricity system.
Grant Day-ahead market price simulation tool [HESIME] (CPP2022-009809) funded by MICIU/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by the “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”. 
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| | | | | | * | Abbreviated name: | OpenMod4Africa | | | Project title: | Open Modelling toolbox for development of long-term pathways for the energy system in Africa | | | Funding entity: | European Commission | | | Start date: | July 2023 | | | End date: | June 2026 | | | Researcher(s): | Luis Olmos Camacho, Andrés Ramos Galán, Sara Lumbreras Sancho, Mohamed Abbas Eltahir Elabbas, Francisco Labora Gómez | | | Description: | OpenMod4Africa aims to develop an Open Energy System Modelling Toolbox (hereinafter referred to as OM4A Toolbox), which is adapted to African needs and uses based on collaboration between African and European partners. The toolbox provide science-based results to policymakers and local actors, to assist them in analyzing the environmental, social and economic synergies and trade-offs to be achieved in a clean energy transition in African countries, as well as the impact of increasing clean energy generation. The capacity-building program, replication strategy and strong involvement of African academic institutions and other stakeholders guarantees that OpenMod4Africa can help increase African energy modeling competence and establish a network of local experts and users of the open Toolbox in the long term.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101118123
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- 2.1.2 Consultancy and technological support
- 2.1.2.1 Private funding
| * | Abbreviated name: | AFRICA_COST_ALLOC | | | Project title: | Quantitative assessment of Regional Cost Allocation Methods in the West African Power Pool | | | Funding entity: | CESI S.p.A | | | Start date: | July 2023 | | | End date: | July 2024 | | | Researcher(s): | Luis Olmos Camacho, Mohamed Abbas Eltahir Elabbas, Stefanía Gómez Sánchez | | | Description: | Application of several methodologies for the computation of electricity transmission tariffs to allocate the cost of the regional transmission grid in the West Africa Power Pool (WAPP). Analysis of the results and derivation of relevant policy conclusions. | | | | | | * | Abbreviated name: | REPSOL_PRED_PRECIOS | | | Project title: | Electricity Market Modelling | | | Funding entity: | REPSOL S.A | | | Start date: | November 2023 | | | End date: | April 2024 | | | Researcher(s): | Luis Olmos Camacho, Andrés Ramos Galán, Stefanía Gómez Sánchez | | | Description: | The objective of this collaboration is to develop a tool focused on determining the evolution of prices in the Spanish peninsular electricity system markets in the 2023 to 2050 horizon, as well as to apply this tool to a case, or set of scenarios, representative of the possible evolution of the Spanish system. This tool must consider an evolution of those factors that have a relevant impact on prices that is consistent with the evolution projections of the electricity system developed by the Ministry for Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge (MITECO) within the National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC) 2021-2030 and the Long Term Decarbonization Strategy 2050. | | | | | | * | Abbreviated name: | Repsol_AguayoII_2024 | | | Project title: | Application of the ENTSO-e cost-benefit analysis method to Aguayo II pumped-hydro storage 2024 | | | Funding entity: | Repsol Generación Eléctrica, S.A.U | | | Start date: | June 2024 | | | End date: | September 2024 | | | Researcher(s): | Andrés Ramos Galán, Luis Olmos Camacho, Luis Rouco Rodríguez, Enrique Lobato Miguélez | | | Description: | Report on the application of the ENTSO-e 2024 cost-benefit analysis method to Aguayo II pumped-hydro storage. | | | | |
- 2.1.2.2 Public funding
- 2.1.3 Services and analysis projects
- 2.1.3.1 Private funding
- 2.1.3.2 Public funding
- 2.2 Publications
- 2.2.1 Books
- 2.2.2 Chapters in books
- 2.2.3 Papers in Journals
| * | Author(s): | E. F. Álvarez, J.C. López, L. Olmos, A. Ramos | | | Title: | An optimal expansion planning of power systems considering cycle-based AC optimal power flow | | | Journal: | Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks | | | Vol & Num: | vol. 39 | | | Pages: | 101413-1-101413-16 | | | ISSN: | 2352-4677 | | | Publication date: | May 2024/September 2024 | | | | | | * | Author(s): | S. Bindu, L. Olmos, J.P. Chaves | | | Title: | The Devil in the details: the factors determining the selection of intrazonal congestion management methods across Europe | | | Journal: | Heliyon | | | Vol & Num: | vol. 10, nº. 4 | | | Pages: | e26610-1-e26610-19 | | | ISSN: | 2405-8440 | | | Publication date: | February 2024/February 2024 | | | | | | * | Author(s): | S. Gómez, L. Olmos | | | Title: | Coordination of generation and transmission expansion planning in a liberalized electricity context — coordination schemes, risk management, and modelling strategies: a review | | | Journal: | Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments | | | Vol & Num: | vol. 64 | | | Pages: | 103731-1-103731-16 | | | ISSN: | 2213-1388 | | | Publication date: | March 2024/April 2024 | | | | | | * | Author(s): | L. Lind, J.P. Chaves, M. Valarezo, A. Sanjab, L. Olmos | | | Title: | Baseline methods for distributed flexibility in power systems considering resource, market, and product characteristics | | | Journal: | Utilities Policy | | | Vol & Num: | vol. 86 | | | Pages: | 101688-1-101688-10 | | | ISSN: | 0957-1787 | | | Publication date: | December 2023/February 2024 | | | | | | * | Author(s): | D. Santos Oliveira, S. Lumbreras, E. F. Álvarez, A. Ramos, L. Olmos | | | Title: | Model-based energy planning: a methodology to choose and combine models to support policy decisions | | | Journal: | International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems | | | Vol & Num: | vol. 159 | | | Pages: | 110048-1-110048-22 | | | ISSN: | 0142-0615 | | | Publication date: | May 2024/August 2024 | | | | |
- 2.2.4 Papers in Congress
| * | Author(s): | M.A.E. Elabbas, L. Olmos | | | Title: | A new method for efficient transmission losses allocation in electricity markets without losses consideration in the dispatch | | | Type: | Communication | | | Congress: | 9th Asia Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering - ACPEE 2024 | | | City: | Shanghai | | | Country: | China | | | Date: | 11-13 April 2024 | | | ISBN: | 979-8-3503-0964-5 | | | | | | * | Author(s): | S. Bindu, L. Olmos, J.P. Chaves | | | Title: | Strategic plays in electricity markets: exploring gaming opportunities for demand under different settlement rules | | | Type: | Communication | | | Congress: | 20th International Conference on the European Energy Market - EEM24 | | | City: | Istanbul | | | Country: | Turkey | | | Date: | 10-12 June 2024 | | | ISBN: | 979-8-3503-8175-7 | | | | |
- 2.2.5 IIT Technical Documents
| * | Author(s): | S. Gómez, L. Olmos, A. Ramos, M. Rivier | | | Title: | A bi-level framework to analyse the use of FTRs as a long-term risk hedging instrument in the European electricity context | | | Date: | June 2024 | | | Reference: | IIT-24-181WP | | | | |
- 2.2.6 Other Publications
| * | Author(s): | L. Olmos, J.P. Chaves, J.J. Fernández García, D. Ziegler, J. Galeano, M. Lacerda, L. Marques, E. Zoulias, M. Asprou, L. Hadjidemetriou, K. Drivakou | | | Type: | Technical report | | | Title: | Business model analysis of OneNet solutions | | | Organizer: | European Commission | | | City: | Madrid | | | Country: | Spain | | | Date: | November 2023 | | | More information: | Proyecto: OneNet / WP11/ T. 6 | | | | |
- 2.3 Software Products
Chapter 3. Teaching [ | ]- 3.1 Supervised Bachelor Theses at IIT
- 3.1.1 Bachelor's Degree in Engineering for Industrial Technologies
- 3.1.2 Bachelor's Degree in Engineering in Telecommunications Technologies
- 3.2 Postgraduate Teaching
- 3.2.1 Master Courses
- 3.2.1.1 Official Master's Degree in Industrial Engineering (MII)
| * | Subject title: | Master Thesis | | | Lecturer(s): | Roberto Barrella, José Pablo Chaves Ávila, Rafael Cossent Arín, Fernando de Cuadra García, Ignacio de Rodrigo Tobías, Pablo Dueñas Martínez, Antonio Fernández Cardador, Adrián Fernández Rodríguez, Aurelio García Cerrada, Javier García González, Tomás Gómez San Román, Lucía Güitta López, Francisco Javier Herraiz Martínez, Pedro Linares Llamas, Álvaro Jesús López López, Sara Lumbreras Sancho, Javier Matanza Domingo, Carlos Mateo Domingo, Morsy Abdelkader Morsy Mohammed Nour, Valeria Karina Moreno, Luis Olmos Camacho, Álvaro Ortega Manjavacas, Manuel Pérez Bravo, José Antonio Rodríguez Mondéjar, Néstor Rodríguez Pérez, José Carlos Romero Mora, Luis Rouco Rodríguez, Álvaro Sánchez Miralles, Pablo Sánchez Pérez, Miguel Ángel Sanz Bobi, Lukas Sigrist, Matteo Troncia, Carmen Valor Martínez, Juan Luis Zamora Macho | | | | |
- 3.2.1.2 Official Master's Degree in Telecommunications Engineering (MIT)
- 3.2.1.3 Official Master's Degree in the Electric Power Industry (MEPI)
- 3.2.1.4 Master in Railway Systems (MSF)
- 3.2.1.5 Master in Project, Construction and Maintenance of High Voltage Electrical Transmission (On-line)
- 3.2.1.6 Master in Fire Protection Engineering (MIPCI)
- 3.2.1.7 MBA in the Global Energy Industry
- 3.2.1.8 Master's Degree in Smart Industry (MIC)
- 3.2.1.9 Master’s Degree in International Industrial Project Management
- 3.2.1.10 Master in Electricity Generation. Promotion, Technology and Operation (MGE) (On-line)
- 3.2.1.11 Master's Degree in Big Data Technologies and Advanced Analytics (MBD)
- 3.2.1.12 Master's Degree in Management Solutions (MCN)
- 3.2.1.13 Master's Degree in Smart Grids (MSG)
- 3.2.1.14 Master in Biomechanics Applied to Damage Assessment; Advanced Physical Therapy Techniques
- 3.2.1.15 Master in Mobility and Safety Engineering (MMS)
- 3.2.1.16 Master in Electrical Technology (MTE)
- 3.2.1.16 Master in smart agricultural industry and sustainability
- 3.2.1.17 Official Master's Degree in Biomechanics and Sports Physiotherapy
- 3.2.2 Master Theses supervised at IIT
- 3.2.2.1 Official Master's Degree in Industrial Engineering (MII)
| * | Title: | Quantification of Costs and Benefits of Power System Flexibility Provision from Distributed Energ Resources (DER) for Balancing and Congestion Management in Europe | | | Author: | Marcos López-Baissón, José María de | | | Supervisor(s): | Jose Pablo Chaves Ávila, Luis Olmos Camacho | | | | |
- 3.2.2.2 Official Master's Degree in Telecommunications Engineering (MIT)
- 3.2.2.3 Official Master's Degree in the Electric Power Industry (MEPI)
- 3.2.2.4 Erasmus Mundus International Master in Economics and Management of Network Industries (EMIN)
- 3.2.2.5 Master in Railway Systems (MSF)
- 3.2.2.6 MBA in the Global Energy Industry
- 3.2.2.7 Master in Fire Protection Engineering (MIPCI)
- 3.2.2.8 Master's Degree in Smart Industry (MIC)
- 3.2.2.9 Master’s Degree in International Industrial Project Management
- 3.2.2.10 Master's Degree in Big Data Technologies and Advanced Analytics (MBD)
- 3.2.2.11 Master in Electricity Generation. Promotion, Technology and Operation (MGE) (On-line)
- 3.2.2.12 Master's Degree in Management Solutions (MCN)
- 3.2.2.13 Master in Project, Construction and Maintenance of High Voltage Electrical Transmission (On-line)
- 3.2.2.15 Official Master's Degree in Engineering Research (MIMSI)
- 3.2.2.16 Master's Degree in Smart Grids (MSG)
- 3.2.2.17 Master in Biomechanics Applied to Damage Assessment; Advanced Physical Therapy Techniques
- 3.2.2.18 Master in Mobility and Safety Engineering (MMS)
- 3.2.2.19 Master in Electrical Technology (MTE)
- 3.2.2.20 Official Master's Degree in Biomechanics and Sports Physiotherapy
- 3.2.2.21 Master in Environment and Energy Transition
- 3.3 Other Academic Activities
- 3.3.1 External Master Courses
- 3.3.2 Supervised Master Theses in other Universities
- 3.3.3 Developed Master Theses in other Universities
Chapter 4. Doctorate [ | ]- 4.1 ICAI Engineers' Association PhD Scholarship
- 4.2 Training complements
- 4.3 Training activities
- 4.4 Doctoral Theses
- 4.4.1 Comillas Submitted Theses
- 4.4.2 Submitted Theses in other Universities
- 4.4.3 Comillas Ongoing Theses
| * | Title: | IMPROVING MODELLING FOR OPTIMAL EXPANSION PLANNING OF POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS | | | Author: | Erik Francisco Alvarez Quispe | | | Supervisor(s): | Andrés Ramos Galán and Luis Olmos Camacho | | | | | | * | Title: | Coordination between Generation and Transission expasion planning in a liberalized electricity context, and the use of the FTRs as a coordination tool | | | Author: | Stefania Gómez Sánchez | | | Supervisor(s): | Luis Olmos Camacho | | | | | | * | Title: | Alternate Models for European Short-Term Electricity Markets | | | Author: | Shilpa Bindu | | | Supervisor(s): | José Pablo Cháves Avila and Luis Olmos Camacho | | | | | | * | Title: | African Power Pools and Regional Trade: Adoption of international best practices in the African context | | | Author: | Mohamed Abbas Eltahir Elabbas | | | Supervisor(s): | Luis Olmos Camacho and José Ignacio Pérez Arriaga | | | | |
Chapter 5. Other Activities [ | ]- 5.1 EES-UETP
- 5.2 International Exchanges
- 5.3 Visiting professors
- 5.4 Visiting students
- 5.5 Courses offered and coordinated to external companies and institutions
| * | Lecturer(s): | Luis Olmos Camacho, Luis Rouco Rodríguez, Rafael Palacios Hielscher | | | Course title: | Coordination of the course committee of the EES-UETP network during the year 2023 | | | Funding entity: | Electric Energy Systems - University Enterprise Training Partnership Association (EES-UETP) | | | Date: | January-December 2023 | | | | | | * | Lecturer(s): | Luis Olmos Camacho, Luis Rouco Rodríguez, Rafael Palacios Hielscher | | | Course title: | Coordination of the course committee of the EES-UETP network during the year 2024 | | | Funding entity: | Electric Energy Systems - University Enterprise Training Partnership Association (EES-UETP) | | | Date: | January-December 2024 | | | | |
- 5.6 Conferences, Seminars, Roundtables and Workshops Contributions
- 5.7 Congress, Seminars and Journals Organization
- 5.8 Other Academic Activities Organization
| * | Author(s): | Luis Olmos Camacho y Luis Rouco Rodríguez | | | Activity description: | Permanent member of Power Systems Computation Conference - PSCC | | | Organizer: | | | | Funding entity: | | | | City: | | | | Country: | | | | Date: | June 2017- Today | | | | | | * | Author(s): | Luis Olmos Camacho y Luis Rouco Rodríguez | | | Activity description: | Member of the Scientific Committee of Technical Program Committee «XXIII Power Systems Computation Conference- PSCC 2024» | | | Organizer: | Réseau de Transport d'Electricité (RTE) | | | Funding entity: | | | | City: | Paris | | | Country: | France | | | Date: | June 2024 | | | | |
- 5.9 Other Activities
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